CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology (CVIR) is published by Springer-Verlag New York, LLC and is the official journal of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, the Japanese Society of Angiography and Interventional Radiology, and the British Society of Interventional Radiology. CVIR publishes peer-reviewed original research work including laboratory and clinical investigations, technical notes, case reports, brief communications, and letters to the editor, as well as review articles, opinions, editorials, and special invited submissions in the field of cardiac, vascular, and interventional radiology. Articles that are accepted for publication are done so with the understanding that they, or their substantive contents, have not been and will not be submitted to any other publication.