Offering a concise, highly visual approach to the basic science and clinical pathology of the urinary system, this updated volume in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations (the CIBA "Green Books") contains unparalleled didactic illustrations reflecting the latest medical knowledge. Revised by Drs. Jaime Landman and Roshan M. Patel, Urinary System, Volume 5 integrates core concepts of anatomy, physiology, and other basic sciences with common clinical correlates across health, medical, and surgical disciplines. Classic Netter art, updated and new illustrations, and modern imaging continue to bring medical concepts to life and make this timeless work an essential resource for students, clinicians, and educators.

Key Features
Provides a complete overview of the kidney, ureters, prostate, and bladder, from normal anatomy, histology, physiology, and development to glomerular and tubular diseases, infections, urological surgeries, and cancers.
Covers timely topics like the urinary microbiome, enucleation of prostate, and robotic simple prostatectomy.
Provides a concise overview of complex information by integrating anatomical and physiological concepts with clinical scenarios.
Shares the experience and knowledge of expert editors and authors.
Compiles Dr. Frank H. Netter’s master medical artistry—an aesthetic tribute and source of inspiration for medical professionals for over half a century—along with new art in the Netter tradition for each of the major body systems, making this volume a powerful and memorable tool for building foundational knowledge and educating patients or staff.
NEW! An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Author Information
Edited by Roshan Patel, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Urology, Director, Kidney Stone Center, University of California, Irvine, California and Jaime Landman, MD, Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California

Section 1 - ANATOMY OF THE URINARY TRACT

Kidney: Position and Relations (Anterior View)
Kidney: Position and Relations (Posterior View)
Kidney: Position and Relations (Transverse Sections)
Kidney: Gross Structure
Renal Fascia
Ureters: Position, Relations, Gross Structure
Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Male)
Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Female)
Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Coronal Cross-Section)
Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery and Vein In Situ
Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery Segmental Branches and Intrarenal Arteries
Renal Vasculature: Variations in Renal Artery and Vein
Vasculature of Ureters and Bladder
Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder
Innervation Pathways of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter
Innervation Pathways of the Ureter and Bladder
Lymphatics of Urinary System
Overview of the Nephron
Renal Microvascualture
Glomerulus: Structure and Histology
Glomerulus Fine Structure
Glomerulus: Electron Microscopy
Proximal Tubule
Thin Limb
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder
Section 2 - Normal and Abnormal Development

Development of Kidney
Development of Kidney: Nephron Formation
Development of Bladder and Ureter: Formation of the Cloaca
Development of Bladder and Ureter: Septation, Incorporation of Ureters, and Maturation
Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Normal Renal Ascent and Pelvic Kidney
Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney
Renal Rotation and Malrotation
Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Unilateral Renal Agenesis
Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Supernumerary Kidney
Renal Fusion
Renal Dysplasia
Renal Hypoplasia
Simple Cysts
Polycystic Kidney Disease: Gross Appearance
Polycystic Kidney Disease: Radiographic Findings
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Nephronophthisis / Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex
Retrocaval Ureter: Radiographic Findings and Laparoscopic Repair
Retrocaval Ureter: Normal Development of the Inferior Vena Cava
Vesicoureteral Reflux: Mechanism and Grading
Vesicoureteral Reflux: Voiding Cystourethrograms
Ureteral Duplication: Complete
Ureteral Duplication: Incomplete
Ectopic Ureter
Ureterocele: Gross and Fine Appearance
Ureterocele: Radiographic Findings
Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Abdominal Wall
Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias
Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy
Bladder Duplication and Septation
Anomalies of the Urachus
Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance
Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings
Section 3 – Physiology

Basic Functions and Homeostasis
Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation
Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics
Secretion and Reabsorption: Fractional Excretion (Clearance Ratios)
Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption
Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Contraction
Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Expansion
Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal Handling of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium
Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 1
Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 2
Countercurrent Multiplication: Models to Demonstrate Principle of Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta in Minimizing Dissipation of Medullary Osmotic Gradient
Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Present)
Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Absent)
Antidiuretic Hormone
Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release
Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Acid Base Balance: Roles of Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys in Acid-Base Handling
Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Reabsorption
Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Synthesis and Proton Excretion
Acid Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis
Additional Functions of Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Proximal
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Classic Distal
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Major Causes and Symptoms
Section 4 – Renal Diseases

Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes
Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Urine Findings
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Histopathological Findings
Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology
Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes
Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis
Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation
Minimal Change Disease: Histopathology
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Findings
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Features and Histopathological Findings
Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Causes, Features, and Assessment
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Classical Pathway of Complement Pathways
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Analgesic Nephropathy
Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
Thrombotic Microangiopathy: General Features
Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes
Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function
Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function
Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology
Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic)
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant)
Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Nephropathy
Amyloidosis: Deposition Sites and Manifestations
Amyloidosis: Histopathological Findings
Lupus Nephritis: Diagnostic Criteria
Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class I and II Lesions)
Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class III and IV Lesions)
Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class V Lesions)
Myeloma Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings
Myeloma Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Light Microscopy Findings
HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy
Preeclampsia: Clinical Definition and Potential Mechanism of Pathogenesis
Preeclampsia: Renal Pathology
Preeclampsia: HELLP Syndrome and Eclampsia
Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Diagnostic Criteria
Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Additional Clinical Features
Fabry's Disease
Cystinosis: Pathophysiology and the Renal Fanconi Syndrome
Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease
Section 5 – Urinary Tract Infections

Cystitis: Risk Factors
Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests
Cystitis: Evaluation
Cystitis: Treatment
Pyelonephritis: Risk Factors and Major Findings
Pyelonephritis: Pathology
Bacteriuria Management of Asymptometic Bacteriuria
Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses
Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread
Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract
Schistosomiasis: Lifecycle of Schistosoma Haematobium
Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection
Section 6 – Urinary Tract Obstructions

Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology
Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae
Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones
Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction
Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Ureteral Strictures
Section 7 – Traumatic Injuries

Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parencyhmal Injuries
Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries
Ureteral Injuries
Bladder Injuries: Extraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures
Bladder Injuries: Intraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures
Section 8 –Voiding Dysfunction

Voiding dysfunction: Anatomy of Female Urinary Continence Mechanisms
Voiding dysfunction : Neural Control of Bladder Function and Effects of Lesions
Voiding dysfunction: Stress Urinary Incontinence
Urodynamics: Equipment and Set-up for Urodynamics Studies
Urodynamics: Example Urodynamics Recordings
Section 9 – Neoplasms

Benign Renal Tumors: Papillary Adenoma and Oncocytoma
Benign Renal Tumors: Angiomyolipoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Radiographic Findings
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gross Pathological Findings
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Findings
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Staging System and Sites of Metastasis
Wilms Tumor: Genetics, Presentation, and Radiographic Findings
Wilms Tumor: Gross Appearance and Histopathological Findings
Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Risk Factors and Radiographic Appearance
Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Appearance (Ureteroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic) and Staging System
Tumors of the Bladder: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Physical Examination
Tumors of the Bladder: Cystoscopic and Radiographic Appearance
Tumors of the Bladder: Histopathological Findings and Staging System
Section 10 – Therapeutics

Osmotic Diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Loop Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Renal Biopsy: Indications and Structure of Typical Spring-Loaded Needle
Renal Biopsy: Procedure
Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Peritoneal Dialysis
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Creation of Access Tract
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Nephroscope and Sonotrode
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Ultrasonic Lithotripsy of Large Stones
Pyeloplasty / Endopyelotomy
Renal Revascularization: Endovascular Therapies
Renal Revascularization: Surgical Therapies
Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Nephrectomy (Incisions for Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches)
Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Simple Nephrectomy (Flank Approach)
Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach (Left-Sided))
Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal (Flank) Approach)
Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)
Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach)
Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation
Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation
Renal Transplantation: Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications
Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Operative Period
Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period
Renal Transplantation: Acute Rejection (Histopathological Findings)
Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathological Findings)
Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Late Post-Transplant Period
Ureteroscopy: Device Design and Deployment
Ureteroscopy: Stone Fragmentation and Extraction
Ureter Reimplantation
Ureteral Reconstruction
Cystoscopy: Cystoscope Design
Cystoscopy: Cystoscopic Views
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Equipment and Procedure