Introduction
Methods of sectioning 266 autopsy spines


Section 1: Normal Anatomy
　-　1 Structure and function
　-　2 Disc: its part and their functions
　-　3 Facets: structure and function
　-　4 Nerves: In spinal canal and intervertebral foramen
　-　5 Muscles and Movement

Section 2: Age changes
　-　1 Osteoporosis: effects on vertebrae and on disc shape
　-　2 Degenerative changes in discs
　-　3 Disc fissuring and disc protrusion
　-　4 Decline in ranges of movement with increase in age
　-　5 Increase creep with age
　-　6 Facet changes: arthritic changes; remodeling
　-　7 Spinal stenosis and nerve impingement
　-　8 Severe disc changes and segmental instability
　-　9 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
　-　10 Facet joint fat pads: their increase in early instability

Section 3: Injuries
　-　1 Thoracic and lumbar injuries contrast with cervical injuries
　-　2 Vertebral end-plate fracture and collapse
　-　3 Facet joint injuries: which are often occult

Section 4: Lower Back Pain and Radicular Pain
　-　1 The lumbar spine and cancer metastases